A case series on safety and tolerability of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells on patients in Malaysia.

Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative therapy are a promising treatment option for chronic illnesses. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells offer several advantages over other sources, which makes them an attractive option in tissue repair and regeneration. This clinical study describes a 1-year follow-up on the safety and tolerance of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy on nine patients in Malaysia. Patients were assessed for adverse effects, and liver function tests were carried out on both pre- and post-treatments. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells' effectiveness and safety were assessed by follow-up evaluations. All nine patients responded positively towards umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy, without any adverse effects. After umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy, a significant improvement was observed in liver functioning test outcomes, as haematological parameters and tumour markers were stable. The present study concludes that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy is well tolerated by Malaysian patients; however, further clinical screening must be done over a large number of patients population.

A three-dimensional network structure of metal-based nanozymes for the construction of colorimetric sensors for the detection of antioxidants.

Although many excellent nanozymes have been developed, designing and synthesizing highly active nanozymes is still challenging. Here, we developed a metal-based nanozyme (metal = Co, Fe, Cu, Zn) with a three-dimensional network structure. It possesses excellent peroxidase activity and catalyzes the reaction between H2O2 and TMB to produce blue oxTMB, while antioxidants have different reducing power on the oxidation product of TMB (oxTMB), which leads to different absorbance and color changes. Using these color reactions, different nanozymes were used to form a colorimetric sensor array with seven antioxidants, and seven antioxidants were sensitively identified. And the differences between the three nanozymes were compared by density functional theory calculations and enzyme kinetic curve results. In conclusion, the colorimetric sensor array based on metal-based nanozymes provides a good strategy for the identification and detection of antioxidants, which has a broad application prospect.

Colorimetric identification of multiple terpenoids based on bimetallic FeCu/NPCs nanozymes.

Nanozymes have been relatively well explored, and bimetal-doped nanozymes have attracted much exploration due to their superior catalytic activity. We developed bimetallic FeCu/NPCs and Cu/NPCs nanozymes, which have good catalytic properties due to the coordination of Fe and Cu with N and P. The nanozymes acted as sensing elements in a cascade reaction system to effectively recognize seven terpenoids, including menthol (Men), paeoniflorin (Pae), camphor (Cam), paclitaxel (Pac), andrographolide (Andro), ginkgolide A (Gin A), and piperone (Pip). Terpenoids act as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and reduce the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ATCh), providing insight into establishing a simple and distinct assay for terpenoids. Notably, the sensor array distinguished seven terpenoids with concentrations as low as 10 ng/mL and achieved high-precision detection of mixed samples with different molar ratios and 21 unknown samples. Finally, the sensor array successfully distinguished and identified multiple terpenoids in herbal samples.

The performance of an atomically dispersed oxygen reduction catalyst prepared by γ-CD-MOF integration with FePc.

Here, a series of Fe/N/C catalysts with different proportions and pyrolysis temperatures are prepared by co-pyrolysis of melamine with a γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (γ-CD-MOF) containing iron(ii) phthalocyanine (FePc). Due to the restriction effect of the host and guest at the molecular level, γ-CD-MOF can effectively avoid the π-π stacking of FePc and restrain the agglomeration of Fe atoms during pyrolysis. The phases and structures of the catalysts are characterized, which proves that the obtained catalyst has a three-dimensional porous and internal cavity structure with abundant surface area (1055.317 m2 g-1) and Fe is atomically dispersed in nitrogen-doped carbon. The onset potential (0.988 V vs. RHE) and half-wave potential (0.846 V vs. RHE) of FePc@CD/M (1 : 20)-1000 are superior to those of a commercial 20% Pt/C catalyst. FePc@CD/M (1 : 20)-1000 also exhibits an approximately four-electron (3.84) transfer process, good stability and excellent methanol tolerance.

Colorimetric sensing strategy for detection of cysteine, phenol cysteine, and phenol based on synergistic doping of multiple heteroatoms into sponge-like Fe/NPC nanozymes.

Nanozymes have both the high catalytic activity of natural enzymes and the stability and economy of mimetic enzymes. Research on nanozymes is rapidly emerging, and the continuous development of highly catalytic active nanozymes is of far-reaching significance. This work reports heteroatomic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) double-doped mesoporous carbon structures and metallic Fe coordination generated sponge-like nanozymes (Fe/NPCs) with good peroxidase activity. On this basis, we constructed a highly sensitive colorimetric sensor with cysteine and phenol as simulated analytes using Fe/NPCs nanozymes, and the response limits reached 53.6 nM and 5.4 nM, respectively. Besides, the method has high accuracy in the detection of cysteine and phenol at low concentrations in serum and tap water, which lays a foundation for application in the fields of environmental protection and biosensors.

Construction of a colorimetric sensor array based on the coupling reaction to identify phenols.

Phenols are harmful to the human body and the environment. Since there are a variety of phenols in actual samples, this requires a sensor which possesses the ability to simultaneously distinguish them. Herein, we report a colorimetric sensor array, which uses two nanozymes (Fe-N-C nanozymes and Cu-N-C nanozymes) as electronic tongues for fingerprint identification of six phenols (2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-Tri), 4-nitrophenol (P-np), phenol (Phe), 3-chlorophenol (3-CP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), and o-nitrophenol (O-np)) in the environment. Nanozymes catalyzed the reaction of hydrogen peroxide, different phenols and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) to produce different color variations. These signal changes as fingerprints encouraged us to develop a pattern recognition method for the identification of phenols by linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The six phenols at 50 nM have their own response patterns, respectively. Surprisingly, this sensor array had distinguished the six phenols in actual samples successfully.

A colorimetric sensor array for rapid discrimination of edible oil species based on a halogen ion exchange reaction between CsPbBr3 and iodide.

Peroxides in edible oils, whose amounts are measured using the peroxide value, are closely related to human health. Long-term consumption of edible oils with high peroxide values can lead to a variety of human diseases, which highlights the significance of examining oil types and their corresponding peroxide values. For identifying a wide range of edible oils, we established a colorimetric sensor array based on the halogen ion exchange between CsPbBr3 and two iodides (octadecylammonium iodide (ODAI) and ZnI2). Different kinds of edible oils contain distinct peroxidic substances that have the distinct ability to oxidize iodides. After specific types of edible oils react with excess iodides (ODAI and ZnI2), different amounts of residual iodides are left for further halogen exchange with CsPbBr3, resulting in various colorimetric responses, measured in RGB (red/green/blue) values, under fluorescent light. Based on RGB pattern analysis as fingerprints using two anion exchangers (ODAI and ZnI2), our proposed colorimetric sensor array was proved by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to have an ability to accurately distinguish edible oils at a minimal volumetric concentration of 6.67% in seven real samples.

Antioxidant identification using a colorimetric sensor array based on Co-N-C nanozyme.

Here we develop a simple and effective nose/tongue sensor array based on Co-N-C single-atom nanozymes-3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-H2O2 for colorimetric discrimination of antioxidants, which makes use of the color reaction of TMB oxidation by H2O2 in two different pH (3.8 and 4.6) environments under the catalysis of Co-N-C nanoenzyme with peroxidase-like activity. Different antioxidants have varying reducing ability to the oxidation products of TMB (oxTMB), thus resulting in differential absorbance and color changes. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) results indicate that the sensor array successfully identified 7 antioxidants, i.e., glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AA), cysteine (Cys), tannin (TA), Catechin (C), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) in both buffer and even serum samples. Additionally, the performance of the sensor array was validated with antioxidant mixtures, individual antioxidants with different concentrations, and target antioxidants and interfering substances. In general, the versatile sensor array based on Co-N-C single-atom nanozymes provides an excellent strategy for identifying a variety of antioxidants, which exhibits a broad application prospect in medical diagnosis.

Innovative Electrochemical Sensor Using TiO2 Nanomaterials to Detect Phosphopeptides.

Many enrichment techniques for phosphopeptides usually rely on the interaction of phosphate groups with metal ions or metal oxides. Based on this, we innovatively designed and fabricated an electrochemical sensor based on TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), which can sensitively and rapidly detect phosphopeptides in protein samples pretreated with AuNPs. When the phosphopeptide solution was pretreated with AuNPs, AuNPs can be linked to the polypeptide chain via the amino group at the tail of the polypeptide chain. When TiO2 NPs are specifically bound to the phosphate group on the peptide, the modified AuNPs can improve the electron conduction ability of the electrode to detect the phosphopeptides. The designed electrochemical sensor had the advantages of high sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability, and it showed a wide linear concentration range (1 pg/L to 1 mg/L) and a lower limit of detection (0.24 pg/L) for phosphopeptides. In order to improve the detection capability of the electrochemical sensor, we also synthesized TiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) composite materials. The influence of the morphology and crystal form of TiO2 NPs on phosphopeptide detection was studied by changing the feeding ratio and heat treatment temperature. We found that the uniformly dispersed anatase crystal TiO2 and GO composite-modified electrode showed a lower detection limit (0.37 ag/L). This sensing strategy is expected to provide a novel solution for the direct detection of phosphate groups in polypeptides in complex environments.

Organic photovoltaic electron acceptors showing aggregation-induced emission for reduced nonradiative recombination.

We introduce a facile method to generate aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties in fused-ring electron acceptors through tetraphenylethylene decoration. Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on the AIE photovoltaic materials show decreased nonradiative energy loss during the energy conversion progress, with improvements in the open circuit voltage and device efficiency.

An Electron Acceptor Analogue for Lowering Trap Density in Organic Solar Cells.

Typical organic semiconductor materials exhibit a high trap density of states, ranging from 1016 to 1018  cm-3 , which is one of the important factors in limiting the improvement of power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs). In order to reduce the trap density within OSCs, a new strategy to design and synthesize an electron acceptor analogue, BTPR, is developed, which is introduced into OSCs as a third component to enhance the molecular packing order of electron acceptor with and without blending a polymer donor. Finally, the as-cast ternary OSC devices employing BTPR show a notable PCE of 17.8%, with a low trap density (1015  cm-3 ) and a low energy loss (0.217 eV) caused by non-radiative recombination. This PCE is among the highest values for single-junction OSCs. The trap density of OSCs with the BTPR additives, as low as 1015  cm-3 , is comparable to and even lower than those of several typical high-performance inorganic/hybrid counterparts, like 1016  cm-3 for amorphous silicon, 1016  cm-3 for metal oxides, and 1014 to 1015  cm-3 for halide perovskite thin film, and makes it promising for OSCs to obtain a PCE of up to 20%.

Co2+-Tuned Tin Oxide Interfaces for Enhanced Stability of Organic Solar Cells.

The electron transport layers (ETLs) are one of the crucial factors for realizing the high performance of inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). In inverted OSCs, zinc oxide (ZnO) is a widely used n-type semiconductor as the ETL material. However, when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, ZnO induces decomposition of organic materials. Tin dioxide (SnO2) has higher conductivity, higher electron mobility, wider bandgap, and weaker absorption of UV light, which is thought to be one of the promising ETLs. Unfortunately, a SnO2 ETL is suffering from high work function (WF), which greatly decreases the ability of charge transport and collection. Here, we induce a facile strategy to reduce the WF of SnO2 by Co2+ tuning. The Co2+-tuned SnO2 exhibits a low WF of 3.64 eV, holding high transmittance and high conductivity. The OSCs based on PM6:Y6 with a Co2+-SnO2 ETL show a notable power conversion efficiency of 15.3%, which is superior to those of the OSCs with ZnO and SnO2 ETLs. The OSCs with a Co2+-SnO2 ETL under continuous UV light and light-emitting diode irradiation exhibit a more robust photostability relative to OSCs with pristine SnO2 ETLs. The trap densities of Co2+-SnO2 films are lower than that of the SnO2 film, which may contribute to enhanced stability of OSCs.

New application of a traditional method: colorimetric sensor array for reducing sugars based on the in-situ formation of core-shell gold nanorod-coated silver nanoparticles by the traditional Tollens reaction.

An effective and robust colorimetric sensor array for simultaneous detection and discrimination of five reducing sugars (i.e., glyceraldehyde (Gly), fructose (Fru), glucose (Glu), maltose (Mal), and ribose (Rib)) has been proposed. In the sensor array, two negatively charged polydielectrics (sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS) and sodium polymethacrylate (NaPMAA)), which served as the sensing elements, were individually absorbed on the surface of the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated gold nanorods (AuNR) with positive charges through electrostatic action, forming the designed sensor units (NaPSS-AuNR and NaPMAA-AuNR). In the presence of Tollens reagent (Ag(NH3)2OH), Ag+ was absorbed on the surface of negatively charged NaPSS-AuNR and NaPMAA-AuNRs. When confronted with differential reducing sugars, different reducing sugars exhibited differential levels of deoxidizing abilities toward Ag+, thus Ag+ was reduced to diverse amounts of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in situ to form core-shell AuNR@AgNP by the traditional Tollens reaction method, leading to distinct colorimetric response patterns (value of AS/AL (the ratio of absorbance at 360 nm to that at 760 nm in Ag+-NaPMAA-AuNR, and the ratio of absorbance at 360 nm to that at 740 nm in Ag+-NaPSS-AuNR)). These response patterns are characteristic for each reducing sugar, and can be quantitatively distinguished by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) at concentrations as low as 10 nM with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.11% (n = 3). The practicability of this sensor array has been validated by recognition of reducing sugars in serum and urine samples. A colorimetric sensor array for reducing sugar discrimination based on the reduction of Ag+ and in situ formation of AuNR@AgNP.

A novel Fe/N/C electrocatalyst prepared from a carbon-supported iron(ii) complex of macrocyclic ligands for oxygen reduction reaction.

Herein, we report a novel method to synthesize Fe/N/C composites from a carbon-supported iron (ii) coordination complex of 2,3-dicyanotetraazabenzotriphenylene (2,3-DCTBT) ligands towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. We investigated the influence of different temperatures during the thermal carbonization process on the performance of the catalyst, and Fe/N/C-900 stood out among all other samples because of the existence of Fe-N x active sites. The as-obtained Fe/N/C-900 exhibited excellent electrochemical performance (E onset is 0.98 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M KOH) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) compared with the commercial 20% Pt/C. Moreover, this catalyst possessed good stability and high tolerance to methanol, and followed the four-electron mechanism (n = 3.97). Remarkably, the use of 2,3-DCTBT for the first time as a precursor has opened new avenues to prepare electrocatalysts for ORR.

Plantamajoside inhibits hypoxia-induced migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells through the NF-κB and PI3K/akt pathways.

Plantamajoside (PMS) is a major compound of Plantago asiatica and possesses anti-tumor property in several types of cancers. However, the effect of PMS on cervical cancer has not been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PMS on the migration and invasion of cervical cancer cell lines under hypoxic condition. Our results demonstrated that PMS significantly inhibited hypoxia-caused increases in cell migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells. The hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process was prevented by PMS with increased E-cadherin expression, and decreased expression levels of N-cadherin and vimentin in cervical cancer cells. Besides, the expression levels of transcription factors slug and snail were suppressed by PMS in hypoxia-induced cervical cancer cells. The increased mRNA and protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1α) in hypoxia-induced cervical cancer cells were prevented by PMS. Furthermore, PMS blocked the hypoxia-induced activation of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathway in cervical cancer cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that PMS exerted an anti-tumor activity in cervical cancer through preventing the hypoxia-induced EMT. Thus, PMS might serve as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cervical cancer.

Gold nanoparticle-engineered electrochemical aptamer biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of thrombin.

In order to obtain a lower detection limit in electrochemical detection, the choice of signal amplification strategy is of great importance. In this work, we describe an electrochemical sandwich aptasensor based on a signal amplification system involving two thrombin (TB) aptamers (TBA1 and TBA2), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as aptamer carriers, and [Ru(NH3)6]3+ for signal conversion. In the presence of the target thrombin, TBA1 and TBA2 specifically bind to TB, and the TBA1-TB-TBA2 complexes cause the formation of a sandwich structure, meaning more [Ru(NH3)6]3+ can be adsorbed on the negatively charged phosphate backbone of the aptamers, resulting in an increase in the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) current. Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor exhibited a linear range of 1 fM to 6 pM and a limit of detection of 0.1429 fM (S/N = 3) for TB. The proposed aptasensor displayed an excellent selectivity and reproducibility. Importantly, the aptasensor was capable of detecting TB in serum samples successfully.

Colorimetric discriminatory array for detection and discrimination of antioxidants based on HAuCl4/3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine.

Here, we report a simple but effective nose/tongue-mimic sensor array based on HAuCl4/3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) for colorimetric discrimination and determination of antioxidants. Two concentrations of HAuCl4 were employed as receptor units to construct the colorimetric sensor array. The sensing strategy is based on the fact that HAuCl4 with different concentrations (0.08 and 0.03 mM) could oxidize TMB to oxidized TMB (oxTMB), resulting in a blue and green color solution, respectively, corresponding to an absorption peak centered at 440 nm and 657 nm. However, the presence of different antioxidants could cause the reduction in HAuCl4, leading to the fading of the blue and green color and the decrease in the absorbance at 440 nm and 657 nm to varying degrees. Based on the above phenomena, by taking advantage of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), five antioxidants (i.e. ascorbic acid (AA), melatonin (MT), uric acid (UA), tannic acid (TCA), and glycine (Gly)) at five concentrations (200, 120, 60, 20, and 1 nM) were successfully discriminated both in buffer and serum. More importantly, this approach is simple, fast, and without the use of any nanomaterials.

Colorimetric sensor array for accurate detection and identification of antioxidants based on metal ions as sensor receptors.

There is an ongoing need to develop high-performance sensing strategy for detecting and discriminating antioxidants, primarily because of their role in medical diagnosis and food. In this regard, visual sensor arrays have been a subject of intensive research for such applications. To this end, we propose a colorimetric sensor array for accurate detection and identification of antioxidants, which is based on the reactions between 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and metal ions as sensing receptors and the interactions between antioxidants and oxidized TMB (oxTMB). Different target antioxidants displayed diverse reduction abilities toward the oxTMB, creating distinct colorimetric response patterns. The combination of colorimetric response variation at color and absorbance at 652 nm enables the sensor array to provide a unique fingerprint pattern to each antioxidant. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and centroid diagrams show that the sensor array can well detect and discriminate the eight tested antioxidants, including lipoic acid (LIA), cysteine (Cys), tannin (TA), ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione (GSH), Uric Acid (UA), glycine (Gly), and dopamine (DA), with a high sensitivity in the range of nanomolar concentrations.

Colorimetric adenosine assay based on the self-assembly of aptamer-functionalized gold nanorods.

A colorimetric method is presented for ultrasensitive determination of adenosine. The assay is based on side-by-side self-assembly of aptamer-functionalized gold nanorods (Au NRs). It relies on the fact that the conjugation of the helper DNA predominantly occurs at the terminal ends of the Au NRs rather than at their sides. The adenosine aptamers consist of two pieces of ssDNA (termed C1 and C2) that were individually attached to the sides of Au NRs. In the presence of adenosine, it will be captured by C1 and C2 to form a stable sandwich structure. As a result, a side-to-side assembly of the Au NRs occurs. If the adenosine concentration is increased, the absorbance of the Au NRs at 742 nm gradually decreases, and the color changes from brick red to dark brown. Response is linear range in the 10 pM to 5 nM adenosine concentration range, and the detection limit is as low as 3.3 pM. Adenosine analogues such as uridine and cytidine do not interfere. The method was used to quantify adenosine in serum samples at concentrations as low as 10 pM. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of an effective colorimetric method for adenosine detection based on target adenosine-induced side-by-side self-assembly of gold nanorods (Au NRs).

Synthesis of π-Conjugated Benzocyclotrimers.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially three branchphene benzocyclotrimers represent a series of molecules with intriguing physical and chemical properties. Benzocyclotrimers are also important precursors to construct fullerenes and graphenes. In this article, we review the recent progress in the preparation methods of π-conjugated benzocyclotrimers. In particular, cyclotrimerization reactions to construct varying shaped and edged benzocyclotrimers are illustrated. Various typical characterization methods for these materials, such as variable-temperature 1 H-NMR, single crystal X-ray analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements are included for discussion.